as far as the groove metal sound, Blue Cheer was definitely the first, while Black Sabbath went on to become more influential, especially to the aesthetic.
As far as thrash metal and progressive metal.....they wouldn't have existed without King Crimson.
Punk on the other hand (and punk would play into metal later on, as the genres influenced each other), well my friend and I have an ongoing debate whether its Velvet Underground or The Stooges. I'm in the Stooges camp myself though Velvet Underground pre-dates them, I just find the Velvet Underground incredibly boring and The Stooges f'in rock.