Originally posted by LuckyLuke@Jan 5 2005, 02:39 AM
And since I'm into history, I'd be inclined to point to the Protestant/Catholic distinction here that England culturally shares with the USA, but that doesn't hold up with the Netherlands, Scandinavia and Northern Germany examples of more modest 'measured' or 'paced' drinking (where 'binging' seems somewhat less common).
[post=272164]Quoted post[/post]
In the U.S., alcohol prohibition and drug prohibition were cultural, political and ideological twins, established by the same people for the same reasons. In 1920, after a century-long anti-alcohol crusade, alcohol prohibition went into effect, followed immediately by drug prohibition. Both were based on the idea that alcohol and other drugs are inherently destructive, addicting, and evil. Both shared the utopian dream that the state could force society to be drug-free.
American prohibitionists pushed other nations to adopt this dream. But the Netherlands and nearly all other Western societies rejected the ban on alcohol, and in 1933 the U.S. itself repealed it. Widespread violations, crime, corruption, and general disrespect for law these produced convinced even supporters that alcohol prohibition made everything worse.
In the 1970s, the widespread use of marijuana among middle-class youth raised questions about harsh drug laws. Prominent experts and officials in many nations insisted that drug problems could better be handled by health agencies than prisons. Police in many societies agreed. President Nixon's Marijuana Commission recommended decriminalization, as did President Carter a few years later. Europe's drug laws have never been as harsh as U.S. laws, and the trend toward more tolerant, health-based policies began there. Over the 1970s, the Dutch created, somewhat inadvertently, other drug policy alternatives. The Dutch in effect decriminalized personal use of cannabis and prioritized public health over criminal law in dealing with drug problems. Several years later, "coffeeshops" began to sell small quantities of cannabis for personal use. At first these were merely tolerated, but eventually Parliament voted to formally regulate and control them. Dutch policy distinguishes between cannabis and hard drugs, just as many societies distinguish wine from hard liquor. In recent years, most Western democracies have been moving away from U.S.-style punitive prohibition toward the regulatory and "harm reduction" approaches pioneered by the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, Scotland, Spain, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, and Austria have all taken steps in the Dutch direction. They have adopted needle exchanges to slow the spread of HIV/AIDS. They have made addiction treatment more available. Several have decriminalized personal possession of cannabis and occasionally other drugs. Most have reduced imprisonment of drug offenders to a fraction of U.S. levels.
The U.S. adamantly opposes these public health-oriented drug policies in favor of more imprisonment. In the 1980s, the Reagan and Bush administrations campaigned to make drug policy "tougher." Congress passed new laws like the 1987 "Drug-Free America Act" giving life sentences to petty dealers. Successive Drug Czars declared "war on drugs," and funding for the Czar's agency escalated from $1 billion in 1981 to $17 billion in 1998. In the same period, Department of Justice figures show the number of drug offenders in prison rose 800%. American leaders of both parties still speak proudly of a "zero tolerance" approach to drug users.
Yet this punishment-based policy is not recognized as successful even by its advocates. For years all major media have reported the pitfalls of punitive prohibition. Most Americans in opinion polls don't believe the war can work. They are right: After the most massive wave of imprisonment in U.S. history, the U.S. has higher rates of drug problems than most other societies. After bombarding its youth with more antidrug education than any generation in history, their drug use increased in five of the last six years.
Prohibitionists fear decriminalization because they assume that availability will increase use. The most recent national survey of The Netherlands, where marijuana has long been legally available, found that 15.6% of the population had tried it. In the U.S., where nearly 700,000 arrests were made last year for marijuana offenses, the government's latest National Household Survey on Drug Abuse found that 32.9% of the population had tried it.
For all attempts to paint marijuana, when all studies show that about 95% of marijuana users do not become addicted, lazy, criminal, heroin users, etc, logic would point the causal arrow away from the drug. Dutch drug use is not much different than that of most other European societies, it's just that the Dutch have significantly less HIV infection, overdose death, and imprisonment.
The Dutch have a rich history of non-absolutist approaches to problems, that's all.